This annex presents a reference list of Humanitarian Indicators that can be used in assessing the humanitarian impacts of sanctions. The following points relate to the format and use of the indicators outlined in table 7.
• The table of indicators represents an expanded compilation of indicators drawn from studies by Hoskins, Minear et al., and Garfield.48
• Indicators are presented in each of the “4 + 4” human security subject areas (see section 2.2.1, “core” and “systemic” human security clusters).
• The core cluster of human security comprises three pillars of basic physiological needs: health, food and nutrition, water and sanitation . . . and also includes education. This cluster relates primarily to conditions at the individual and household level.
• The second cluster deals with the structural context in which people seek to secure these core human needs. The subject areas of this cluster include governance, economic status, the physical environment, and demography. This systemic (or structural) cluster relates to national, societal, or community level conditions.
• Each subject area contains a number of humanitarian indicators relevant to that particular theme. BASELINE indicators measure conditions at an initial point in time, while CHANGE indicators monitor changes that may occur, for example during and after sanctions.
• Indicators of change include PROCESS indicators of changes in services provided/activities undertaken, and OUTCOME indicators of changed status of people’s lives.
• OUTCOME indicators should be considered the most desirable metrics for monitoring the status of humanitarian conditions (e.g. malnutrition rates etc.); PROCESS indicators are used to quantify intermediate and proximate causes of changes in humanitarian conditions.
• It should be noted that indicators may be categorized differently depending on the human security subject area in which they appear. Indicators which are designated as measures of OUTCOME in particular subject areas, may indeed constitute indicators of PROCESS in different subject areas.
• While many humanitarian indicators will facilitate measurement of both baseline and change values of a particular metric, certain indicators will be better able to capture and reflect values at either the baseline level, or as the value changes over time. One of the columns in table 7 identifies the indicators that are considered more appropriate for measurement of either baseline or change values.
• Many of the indicators presented here may need to be disaggregated to take into account important variations or changes in a society, for example according to geographic (region of country, environment), gender, age and economic (income groups) factors.
